Thread cutting with the CNC machine
Automation is already a common method, as since the invention of the steam engine, humans have continuously tinkered to take as much work as possible off machines. But the savvy engineers of the 19th century surely couldn't have imagined thread cutting with a CNC machine, because in modern industrial processing, muscle power hardly plays a role anymore – instead, you need to use your brain.
You've probably noticed that specialized knowledge is required to program thread cutting for your CNC machine. While your basic knowledge of threads and mechanical processing helps, without technical understanding of the setting options, thread cutting on the CNC machine won't work. To ensure everything runs smoothly for you, we've compiled the most important tips on the subject.
What are the advantages of thread cutting with the CNC machine?
Creating a work plan and programming a machine might sound like a lot of effort when you could simply grab the thread cutter from your toolbox and do it yourself. But the CNC machine offers two decisive advantages: efficiency and precision. If you have to perform the same workflow many times, then thread cutting with a CNC machine, after programming it once, is unbeatably fast and accurate. But even for custom productions, thread cutting with the CNC machine offers a unique advantage because it is much more precise than a human could ever be. With thread cutting, the CNC machine only does exactly what you specify, so proper programming of CNC machines is crucial for optimal results.
This is how a CNC program for thread cutting is structured
The program for thread cutting with a CNC machine contains all the data that the machine needs to execute its work correctly. It consists of several sets, which in turn consist of words. These words, as the smallest unit, consist of an address letter, which determines the type of instruction, and a number, which further describes this instruction. The following words can be contained in a program set:
1. N: Set number
2. G: Path conditions
3. X, Y, Z: Coordinates
4. F: Feedrate
5. S: Spindle speed
6. T: Tool
7. M: Auxiliary function
The exact program structure for CNC machines has its own standard with DIN 66025, so it is always the same regardless of the manufacturer.
Use the correct cycle for thread cutting with the CNC machine
In DIN 66025, nine fixed cycles are standardized and additional ones can be programmed additionally. These cycles include a fixed sequence of processing steps for frequently used functions. You specify the desired cycle to the control by specifying the path conditions, which are assigned the letter G. The cycle intended for thread cutting is designated as G84. When using a cycle for thread cutting with the CNC machine, you can save a lot of time and programming effort. Of course, this only works if the respective cycle also fits your workflow. For more specific cases, such as cutting a left-hand thread, you will need to make detailed adjustments again for thread cutting with the CNC machine.
Set important values correctly for thread cutting with the CNC machine
When using the thread tapping cycle G84 with the CNC machine, you also need to provide some additional information. Two values are the pivot points for successful thread cutting with the CNC machine: spindle speed and feedrate. We'll show you how to determine these two values correctly here.
What spindle speed do you need for thread cutting with the CNC machine?
In thread cutting with the CNC machine, the spindle speed is assigned the address S (for speed), it can be programmed by specifying a constant cutting speed in m/min or ft/min using the G96 path condition. We recommend setting the speed n by the G97 path condition. You can calculate the correct value based on the cutting speed using the following formula:
Spindle speed n [rpm] = (Cutting speed in m/min * 1000) / (Outer diameter * π)
The cutting speed is not always the same for a thread size, but depends on the material, the geometry of the tap, the lubricant used, and other factors. You can find out which cutting speed is recommended for your application from the manufacturer. In the BAER online shop, you will find a detailed overview of the respective guideline values for each tap.
Calculate the feedrate for thread cutting with the CNC machine
You program the feedrate with the address F (for feedrate). Using the G94 path condition, you can set the feedrate directly in mm/min or inch/min. The feedrate is calculated using the formula:
Feedrate = Spindle speed * Pitch
You already know the spindle speed from the previous step – the pitch can be read from the corresponding thread table. For many thread types, such as metric fine threads, it is also part of the thread designation. The pitch here refers to the distance between two thread peaks, which in English is also referred to as "Pitch".
But beware, because this formula applies only to metric standard threads or fine threads, i.e., if you program the feedrate for a tap on a CNC machine in metric mode. If you want to use an inch tap instead when thread cutting on your CNC machine, you need to adjust the calculation slightly. For inch threads, the number of threads per inch is usually defined instead of the pitch, this value is given in English as TPI ("threads per inch"). The formula for calculating the feedrate is:
Feedrate = Spindle speed / TPI * 25.4
25.4 mm equals one inch – by multiplying with this value, you convert the inch indication into the corresponding metric value for your metrically pre-set CNC machine.
If you are using a CNC machine set to inches for thread cutting, you can use the following formulas based on the reverse principle:
- Feedrate = Spindle speed / TPI for inch taps
- Feedrate = Pitch * Spindle speed / 25.4 for metric taps
If you get decimal numbers in the feedrate calculations, always round to as many decimal places as your CNC machine can handle – the more accurate the input, the more precise the result at the end.
As a tap manufacturer, we are experts in threads – if you have any questions about thread cutting with your CNC machine, we are happy to help! Simply contact us via our contact form. And in the BAER online shop, you'll find a wide selection of taps for CNC machines and more.